Study on fungi helps explain coal formation and may advance future biofuels production

ScienceDaily (June 28, 2012) ? A new study--which includes the first large-scale comparison of fungi that cause rot decay--suggests that the evolution of a type of fungi known as white rot may have brought an end to a 60-million-year-long period of coal deposition known as the Carboniferous period. Coal deposits that accumulated during the Carboniferous, which ended about 300 million years ago, have historically fueled about 50 percent of U.S. electric power generation.

In addition, the study provides insights about diverse fungal enzymes that might be used in the future to help generate biofuels, which are currently among the most promising and attractive alternatives to fossil fuels for powering vehicles.

The study, which was conducted by a team of 71 researchers from 12 countries, appears in the June 29, 2012 issue of Science and was partially funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF).

There are almost 1.5 million fungi species on Earth. They perform essential ecological roles that include decomposing organisms and serving as food for many insect species and larger organisms.

However, only about five percent of fungi species have, thus far, been classified. The new study is part of an effort--supported by NSF's Assembling the Tree of Life and Partnerships for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy programs--to resolve evolutionary relationships between fungi species, define the diversity of fungi, and explain the early evolutionary history of fungi. Information produced by this effort is integral to the story of life on Earth and the evolution of its varied ecosystems.

The end of a geologic era

Coal is composed of the fossilized remains of plants--mostly lignin, which is a complex polymer that is an important component of the cell walls of plants and helps give wood its strength and rigidity. The study indicates that white rot fungi, which are the only types of microorganisms that can break down lignin, evolved at the end of the Carboniferous green period, and that the synchrony between the rise of white rot fungi and the close of the Carboniferous was no coincidence.

According to the study, once white rot, which breaks down lignin via enzymatic activity, became an ecological force, it destroyed huge accumulations of woody debris that would have otherwise escaped decay to ultimately be fossilized as coal.

So if not for the advent of white rot, large coal deposits may have continued to form long after the end of the Carboniferous period. This study supports a paper published in 1990 by Jennifer M. Robinson that pegged the evolution of white rot as a potential contributing factor to the end of the Carboniferous period.

The matrix

Lignin exists in cell walls as part of a tough matrix with cellulose, which is a carbohydrate composed of sugar subunits. But once white rot attacks and destroys lignin, the matrix collapses, and the cellulose is freed--to be devoured by the white rot as food.

The ability of white rot fungi to decay lignin may ultimately be used to help conquer what is among the world's most longstanding and vexing problems associated with the large-scale production of biofuels: that is, obtaining plant carbohydrates that could be converted into biofuels via fermentation processes.

It may ultimately be feasible to use white rot to break down lignin to release cellulose from cell walls, which could then be broken down into sugars. Next, the sugars would be fed to yeast that would be fermented into alcohols that would provide the bases for new biofuels.

In addition, because enzymes from white rot fungi are able to break down complex organic molecules, they have been investigated for use in bioremediation operations that involve breaking down contaminants to remove them from the environment.

Genomic comparisons

"Our study was designed to reconstruct the evolution of lignin decay mechanisms in fungi, analyze the distribution of enzymes that enable fungi to break down lignin, and better define the evolution of the gene families that encode those enzymes," said David Hibbett of Clark University, who led the study.

Hibbett and his team focused on a large group of fungi known as Agaricomycetes, which include white rot fungi as well as mushroom species that have the familiar cap-and-stem shape. The Agaricomycetes group also includes brown rot fungi that can destroy wood by breaking down cellulose and hemicellulose, which is another component of cell walls--all the while without breaking down lignin.

The researchers compared 31 fungal genomes--26 of which were sequenced at the Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute, including 12 that were sequenced at the DOE JGI specifically for the study, and were then annotated and analyzed by NSF-funded researchers in collaboration with JGI and other partners.

"The 12 new genome sequences could serve as potential resources for industrial microbiologists aiming to develop new tools for producing biofuels, bioremediation or other products, perhaps by using recombinant DNA methods or by selecting new organisms for fermentation," said Hibbett.

"This study exemplifies the tremendous gains we can make in understanding complicated biologic processes such as lignin decomposition when we learn about the genealogical relationships of organisms," said Charles Lydeard, an NSF program director.

The evolution of white rot

The study also involved tracking the evolution of lignin-decomposing enzymes back through time. This was done via so-called "molecular clock analyses." Such analyses are based on the assumption that genes accumulate mutations through evolution at fairly predictable rates--similar to the way that the hands of a clock advance around a clock at predictable rates. The ability to estimate these mutation rates enables researchers to trace mutations back in time and estimate how recently fungal lineages shared a common ancestor but then diverged from one another.

Results of molecular clock analyses suggest that the oldest ancestor of the Agaricomcyetes was a white rot species that possessed multiple lignin-degrading enzymes and lived roughly 300 million years ago. Many surviving lineages of Agaricomycetes-including fungi species known as wood-decaying polypores and bracket fungi-produce lignin-degrading enzymes. "Our results suggest that the ability of fungi to break down lignin evolved only once," said Hibbett.

In addition, Hibbett said, "This study underscores the adaptability of fungi." This adapatability is underscored by the fact that some Agaricomycete lineages have maintained their lignin-degrading enzymes. By contrast, other Agaricomycete lineages, including brown rot and mycorrhizal species, which survive via symbiotic relationships with the roots of certain trees without decaying them, ultimately lost their lignin-degrading enzymes as they developed alternative methods of obtaining nutrition, said Hibbett.

Potential payback

The economic value of fungi is already almost incalculable: fungi currently impact diverse applied disciplines, including agriculture, medicine and drug discovery. The more scientists learn about these important organisms, the more likely they will be to identify additional uses for them that will benefit the economy, the environment, and human welfare, as well as to develop new ways to fight wood rot that, at great costs, kills trees and destroys wood structures, including homes and ships.

Joseph Spatafora of Oregon State University who is a co-author on the study said, "It's a really exciting time in fungal biology, and part of that is due to the technology today that allows us to address the really longstanding questions."

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Journal Reference:

1. D. Floudas, M. Binder, R. Riley, K. Barry, R. A. Blanchette, B. Henrissat, A. T. Martinez, R. Otillar, J. W. Spatafora, J. S. Yadav, A. Aerts, I. Benoit, A. Boyd, A. Carlson, A. Copeland, P. M. Coutinho, R. P. de Vries, P. Ferreira, K. Findley, B. Foster, J. Gaskell, D. Glotzer, P. Gorecki, J. Heitman, C. Hesse, C. Hori, K. Igarashi, J. A. Jurgens, N. Kallen, P. Kersten, A. Kohler, U. Kues, T. K. A. Kumar, A. Kuo, K. LaButti, L. F. Larrondo, E. Lindquist, A. Ling, V. Lombard, S. Lucas, T. Lundell, R. Martin, D. J. McLaughlin, I. Morgenstern, E. Morin, C. Murat, L. G. Nagy, M. Nolan, R. A. Ohm, A. Patyshakuliyeva, A. Rokas, F. J. Ruiz-Duenas, G. Sabat, A. Salamov, M. Samejima, J. Schmutz, J. C. Slot, F. St. John, J. Stenlid, H. Sun, S. Sun, K. Syed, A. Tsang, A. Wiebenga, D. Young, A. Pisabarro, D. C. Eastwood, F. Martin, D. Cullen, I. V. Grigoriev, D. S. Hibbett. The Paleozoic Origin of Enzymatic Lignin Decomposition Reconstructed from 31 Fungal Genomes. Science, 2012; 336 (6089): 1715 DOI: 10.1126/science.1221748

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

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Next iPhone's connector to make current cables, docks useless?

13 hrs.

Rosa Golijan

Most folks have accepted that they'll buy new cases almost?every?time they upgrade their iPhones, thanks to subtle?? and occasionally rather bold?? design changes. But repurchasing all?their?accessories, including charger cables and speaker docks? That is a tougher, pricier pill to swallow.

According to TechCrunch's John Biggs, we should get our credit cards ready as that shopping spree is inevitable. At the very least you'll be looking at buying an extra cable or two (currently priced at $19) and, unless there are some third-party adapters out there to ease the pain, you may also?have to kiss your current?speaker dock goodbye.

Biggs writes that?"three independent manufacturers" told him that?the next-generation iPhone will use a 19-pin port, rather than the wider 30-pin port found on current iPhones, iPads and iPods.?If true, this news will make life a bit difficult for third-party accessory manufacturers, who have accepted Apple's 30-pin port design as a standard "since Apple released the third-generation iPod" in 2003, writes?Biggs.

As skeptical as I normally am regarding reports like this one, it's actually not all that unlikely that Apple would redesign the iPhone?? and subsequently iPod and iPad?? ports. The 19-pin design would save valuable space, after all, and interface technology has made major advancements in 10 years.

Let's not forget, the Cupertino-based company recently redesigned the MagSafe, its proprietary magnetically-attached power connector, too, and that was only around since 2006.

Want more tech news, silly puns, or amusing links? You'll get plenty of all three if you keep up with Rosa Golijan, the writer of this post, by following her on?Twitter, subscribing to her?Facebook?posts,?or circling her?on?Google+.

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US 'encouraged' by Europe's plan to stem crisis

President Barack Obama takes his place with other leaders for the Family Photo during the G20 Summit, Monday, June 18, 2012, in Los Cabos, Mexico. From left, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, U.S. President Barack Obama, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Chinese President Hu Jintao, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

President Barack Obama takes his place with other leaders for the Family Photo during the G20 Summit, Monday, June 18, 2012, in Los Cabos, Mexico. From left, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, U.S. President Barack Obama, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Chinese President Hu Jintao, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

President Barack Obama arrives at the G-20 summit in Los Cabos, Monday June 18, 2012. The leaders of the world's largest economies have agreed to step up their efforts to boost growth and job creation, which they call the top priority in fighting the effects of the European economic crisis, according to a draft of the statement to be released Tuesday at the end of the Group of 20 annual meeting. (AP Photo/The Canadian Press, Adrian Wyld)

President Barack Obama takes his place with other leaders for the Family Photo during the G20 Summit, Monday, June 18, 2012, in Los Cabos, Mexico. From left, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Jose Graziano da Silva, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard, U.S. President Barack Obama, Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Chinese President Hu Jintao. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

President Barack Obama, center, takes his place with other leaders, including Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard, left, and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, for the Family Photo during the G20 Summit, Monday, June 18, 2012, in Los Cabos, Mexico. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster)

U.S. President Barack Obama, left, greets Russia's President Vladimir Putin at the G-20 Summit in Los Cabos, Mexico, Monday, June 18, 2012. President Barack Obama and Russian President Vladimir Putin huddle on the sidelines of the G-20 meeting in Mexico, in what officials say will be a candid, get-down-to-business meeting about their mutual interests and disagreements. It's their first meeting since Putin returned to Russia's top job. (AP Photo/RIA-Novosti, Alexei Nikolsky, Presidential Press Service)

LOS CABOS, Mexico (AP) ? Seeking to sooth global economic fears, U.S. officials said they were encouraged that European leaders appeared ready to undertake a more forceful response to the continent's crippling debt crisis while still focusing on much-needed growth.

Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, speaking Tuesday at the close of the Group of 20 summit, said Europe was nearing key decisions aimed at stabilizing the eurozone. Those steps, he said, include a stronger framework to strengthen the continent's financial system and helping countries like Spain and Italy borrow at sustainable interest rates.

"We're encouraged by what we heard from the European leaders today and by the broad focus around the world we're seeing to the need to strengthen economic growth," Geithner said.

Geithner spoke following President Barack Obama's private meeting Tuesday with the leaders of Britain, Germany, Italy, France, Spain and the European Union. The continent's leaders were to outline the specifics of their plans during a summit in Brussels next week, a meeting Geithner called "critical."

A senior U.S. official said Europe would offer a "more forceful response" than they have contemplated to date during the Brussels summit. The Obama official said the European strategy will be based around building more viable financial institutions over time but also economic growth measures in the short term, a step Obama has been urging for some time.

The official spoke on condition of anonymity to characterize private talks without trumping the formal comments of leaders.

While Obama, as leader of the giant but struggling U.S. economy, is central to the Europe talks, it is the continent's leaders, led by German Chancellor, Angela Merkel, who carry both the power and responsibility to stabilize a eurozone reeling from debt, banking and political problems.

Obama immersed himself in the economic talks Tuesday before meeting separately with Chinese President Hu Jintao and holding a news conference. He was to be back in Washington by the early hours of Wednesday, where a fierce re-election campaign and a slumping U.S. jobs market await him.

The leaders gathered on the Mexican coast seemed intent on sending the right signals to jittery markets and unhappy electorates. Merkel told reporters Tuesday that the European leaders present made a unified statement that they were willing to tackle their problems.

Still, European leaders were showing flashes that they have heard enough about their troubles, particularly from Americans.

"The eurozone has a serious problem, but it is certainly not the only imbalance in the world economy," Italian Prime Minster Mario Monti said Tuesday. He said the United States' own problems were mentioned in G-20 talks "by almost everybody, including President Obama."

Central to the G-20 debate is how nations can boost jobs and consumer demand without sinking deeper into debt. Obama has implored governments to spend and grow, not just cut.

Obama sent some upbeat signals during the summit amid a sense of global relief that Greece, based on new elections, would not renege on its bailout terms and ditch the euro currency.

Europe's ability to turn around its fortunes fast will have direct bearing on whether Obama wins a second term. The bigger the drag from abroad, the harder the job growth in the United States.

Obama said all countries must "make sure that we're contributing so that the economy grows, the situation stabilizes, confidence returns to the markets."

Although the foreign gatherings allow Obama to show off statesmanship, every day spent away from the U.S. and a direct focus on jobs in America quietly gives headaches to his campaign aides. While Obama was in Mexico, his Republican competitor, Mitt Romney, was campaigning in the American heartland, trying to pull Michigan from Obama's column.

__

Associated Press writer Michael Weissenstein contributed to this report.

Associated Press

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Germany advances after 2-1 win over Denmark

Germany's Lars Bender celebrates after scoring his side's second goal during the Euro 2012 soccer championship Group B match between Denmark and Germany in Lviv, Ukraine, Sunday, June 17, 2012. (AP Photo/Ivan Sekretarev)

Germany's Lars Bender celebrates after scoring his side's second goal during the Euro 2012 soccer championship Group B match between Denmark and Germany in Lviv, Ukraine, Sunday, June 17, 2012. (AP Photo/Ivan Sekretarev)

Germany's Lars Bender, left, celebrates after scoring his side's second goal during the Euro 2012 soccer championship Group B match between Denmark and Germany in Lviv, Ukraine, Sunday, June 17, 2012. (AP Photo/Ivan Sekretarev)

Germany's Lars Bender, bottom, celebrates after scoring his side's second goal during the Euro 2012 soccer championship Group B match between Denmark and Germany in Lviv, Ukraine, Sunday, June 17, 2012. (AP Photo/Ivan Sekretarev)

Denmark's Christian Poulsen, left, and Jakob Poulsen react after Germany scored the second time during the Euro 2012 soccer championship Group B match between Denmark and Germany in Lviv, Ukraine, Sunday, June 17, 2012. (AP Photo/Darko Vojinovic)

Germany's Mario Gomez, right, is substituted by Miroslav Klose during the Euro 2012 soccer championship Group B match between Denmark and Germany in Lviv, Ukraine, Sunday, June 17, 2012. (AP Photo/Michael Probst)

LVIV, Ukraine (AP) ? Germany advanced without fanfare to a quarterfinal against Greece after grinding out a 2-1 victory over Denmark on Sunday at the European Championship.

The Danes were eliminated after the two teams finished their Group B campaigns.

Lukas Podolski opened the scoring for Germany in the 19th minute and Lars Bender slotted home the winner in the 80th after Michael Krohn-Dehli had equalized for Denmark in the first half.

"It's absolutely a day of joy," Bender said. "I'll be thinking back to this day a long, long time. We have a positive spirit in the team."

Germany played without flair, but controlled possession and were never really challenged by the Danes, who go home after stunning the Netherlands in the first match but losing to Portugal in the second.

"We can be satisfied with our effort but not with the result," Denmark midfielder William Kvist said. "I think we proved that we can play against the big teams. We won (against the Netherlands) and we didn't lose big. We showed that we can play against the best."

Germany seized the initiative from the kickoff and came close twice before Podolski, playing his 100th international match, scored his first goal of the tournament.

Mario Gomez set him up with a deft backheel touch following Thomas Mueller's low cross from the right flank.

Denmark replied just five minutes later with Krohn-Dehli heading in the equalizer from a set piece that stunned the German defense. A corner found Nicklas Bendtner who headed the ball into the area where Krohn-Dehli nodded home his second goal at Euro 2012.

Jakob Poulsen missed a chance to put Denmark in the driver's seat at the start of the second half when his shot grazed the outside of German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer's right post.

After that scare, the Germans were firmly in charge and denied Denmark any real chance of getting back into the game.

Coach Morten Olsen's men were already looking tired when Bender, replacing suspended right back Jerome Boateng, picked up a pass from Mesut Oezil and made it 2-1.

"We should have gone ahead by two or three goals in the first half, but Denmark scored virtually out of nowhere," Germany coach Joachim Loew said.

"I think we had the game well under control. You get the feeling Denmark doesn't want to score, that they don't want to go forward, but suddenly they push ahead," he said. "We had a lot of possession and I was sure that we would score and advance."

It was the first competitive match between the two countries since the 1992 European Championship final, when the Danes stunned the Germans with a 2-0 win to become champions.

Hoping for another upset, Olsen changed his lineup by moving playmaker Christian Eriksen to the right flank, replacing injured winger Dennis Rommedahl in a five-man midfield.

But the move had little effect as Philipp Lahm effectively closed down the talented 20-year-old, who leaves Euro 2012 without fulfilling expectations of an international breakthrough.

Olsen praised the Germans, saying they played "fantastic football" that confirmed they are among the favorites to win the European title.

He regretted that Denmark wasn't able to salvage a point in the previous game against Portugal. The Danes gave up a goal in the final minutes for a 3-2 loss.

"Having said that, I think we have done a really good job in this tournament," Olsen said. "This team has a future."

Germany finished top of the group with a perfect record of three wins and now faces Euro 2004 champion Greece on Friday in Gdansk.

____

Lineups:

Denmark: Stephan Andersen, Lars Jacobsen, Simn Kjaer, Daniel Agger, Simon Poulsen, William Kvist, Christian Eriksen, Jakob Poulsen (Tobias Mikkelsen, 82), Niki Zimling (Christian Poulsen, 78), Michael Krohn-Dehli, Nicklas Bendtner.

Germany: Manuel Neuer, Lars Bender, Mats Hummels, Holger Badstuber, Philipp Lahm, Thomas Mueller (Toni Kroos, 84), Sami Khedira, Bastian Schweinsteiger, Mesut Oezil, Lukas Podolski (Andre Schuerrle, 64) Mario Gomez (Miroslav Klose, 74).

Associated Press

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'Splinter Cell' Movie May Be In The Works

Sam Fisher may be the next video game character headed to the big screen. Deadline is reporting that two studios have been in talks with Ubisoft about adapting "Splinter Cell," their popular secret agent series. According to the report, Ubisoft has spoken with Warner Bros, but now it seems more likely that Paramount will take [...]

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Greeks weigh consequences of pivotal vote

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Friendswood girls? softball coach arrested, accused of sexual assaulting child

by Shern-Min Chow / KHOU 11 News

khou.com

Posted on June 14, 2012 at 11:01 PM

Updated yesterday at 11:01 PM

HOUSTON?A Friendswood girls? softball coach who is accused of sexually assaulting a 13-year-old girl has been arrested.

Friendswood police said there were two incidents in March and April.? A few weeks later the 13-year-old girl told her parents, who notified authorities.? Late Thursday, Ryan Jon Loofboro was taken into custody.

Over at the Friendswood softball field on Thursday night girls were busy practicing for an upcoming tournament.? Most parents had not yet heard the news, but Friendswood Girls? Softball Association President and dad Dan Lisbony just found out. ?He was in the car when he heard the news.

?(I) actually had to pull over and read the email,? he said.

Loofboro, an assistant coach at the Friendswood Girls Softball Association, worked with the 14 and under team this spring.? He is charged with aggravated sexual assault and indecency with a child.? Bail has been set at $40,000 for each count. ??

Lisbony said the league does require coaches go through a background check and go through a softball coaching class.?

?We require all background checks for assistants and team moms who are going to be on the fields,? he said.

Loofsboro, 34, is a realtor who lives in Dickinson and sits on the planning and zoning committee.

Friendswood police officer Lisa Price says she?s concerned that there may be other victims.

?He had access to children in his capacity as a coach and we always have to assume there may be other victims,? she said.

The association said it will notify parents, not the kids, but Amy Elguezabal said she plans to talk to her kids and have them watch the KHOU 11 News report.

?You have the news out there, you guys coming out. ?When I grew up my dad never wanted me to watch the news now-a-days, the more you prepare them, the better off they are for situations like this,? she said.

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Golf-St Jude Classic final-round scores

LONDON, June 10 (Reuters) - June 10 (Infostrada Sports) -

U.S. PGA Tour St Jude Classic final-round scores at the par-70

course in Memphis, Tennessee on Sunday.

271 Dustin Johnson (U.S.) 70 68 67 66

272 John Merrick (U.S.) 66 69 69 68

273 Ryan Palmer (U.S.) 74 66 67 66

Chad Campbell (U.S.) 68 67 70 68

Nick O'Hern (Australia) 70 67 67 69

Davis Love III (U.S.) 68 68 68 69

274 Ken Duke (U.S.) 68 68 73 65

Noh Seung-Yul (South Korea) 67 69 72 66

Rory McIlroy (Britain) 68 65 72 69

Robert Allenby (Australia) 68 70 67 69

275 Greg Owen (Britain) 72 67 71 65

Kevin Stadler (U.S.) 69 65 71 70

276 Martin Flores (U.S.) 72 70 69 65

William McGirt (U.S.) 71 69 68 68

Henrik Stenson (Sweden) 72 66 70 68

Jeff Overton (U.S.) 67 72 68 69

Padraig Harrington (Ireland) 68 68 71 69

Kevin Kisner (U.S.) 69 66 70 71

277 Arjun Atwal (India) 67 74 70 66

Woody Austin (U.S.) 72 68 67 70

Luke Guthrie (U.S.) 69 71 67 70

John Daly (U.S.) 68 69 76 64

J.B. Holmes (U.S.) 70 64 72 71

278 Duffy Waldorf (U.S.) 71 69 69 69

Bryce Molder (U.S.) 69 71 69 69

Martin Laird (Britain) 72 70 67 69

279 Boo Weekley (U.S.) 70 67 73 69

Charles Howell III (U.S.) 69 71 71 68

J.J. Killeen (U.S.) 68 69 74 68

Daniel Chopra (Sweden) 72 65 71 71

Jeff Maggert (U.S.) 66 68 73 72

Fredrik Jacobson (Sweden) 69 72 66 72

Roberto Castro (U.S.) 73 68 66 72

280 Bill Lunde (U.S.) 71 68 71 70

Bob Estes (U.S.) 72 68 71 69

Brendon De Jonge (Zimbabwe) 71 68 71 70

Patrick Sheehan (U.S.) 71 70 71 68

281 George McNeill (U.S.) 72 68 72 69

Ryo Ishikawa (Japan) 72 67 73 69

Shaun Micheel (U.S.) 71 70 68 72

Kent Jones (U.S.) 72 68 73 68

282 David Hearn (Canada) 72 69 70 71

Sean O'Hair (U.S.) 70 69 71 72

Tim Clark (South Africa) 69 71 69 73

Robert Garrigus (U.S.) 74 65 73 70

Gavin Coles (Australia) 70 72 71 69

Dustin Morris (U.S.) 71 69 67 75

Chris Riley (U.S.) 70 71 74 67

283 Danny Lee (New Zealand) 69 70 71 73

Bart Bryant (U.S.) 72 70 70 71

Gary Christian (Britain) 70 71 71 71

Shane Bertsch (U.S.) 71 68 73 71

Lee Janzen (U.S.) 68 71 73 71

Tommy Gainey (U.S.) 72 70 71 70

Stuart Appleby (Australia) 72 68 73 70

Troy Kelly (U.S.) 68 71 74 70

Troy Matteson (U.S.) 70 72 72 69

Kyle Stanley (U.S.) 71 70 73 69

284 Paul Stankowski (U.S.) 69 69 74 72

J.J. Henry (U.S.) 67 74 72 71

285 John Peterson (U.S.) 72 65 73 75

Cameron Beckman (U.S.) 72 70 68 75

Chris Couch (U.S.) 70 70 69 76

Brett Wetterich (U.S.) 71 71 71 72

Will Claxton (U.S.) 72 70 74 69

286 Yang Yong-Eun (South Korea) 68 71 73 74

Zack Miller (U.S.) 70 70 77 69

287 Craig Barlow (U.S.) 72 68 72 75

Steven Bowditch (Australia) 74 66 73 74

288 Omar Uresti (U.S.) 70 72 73 73

Neal Lancaster (U.S.) 72 70 74 72

289 Billy Horschel (U.S.) 72 69 70 78

Matt McQuillan (Canada) 71 69 76 73

292 Mathew Goggin (Australia) 70 71 73 78

Robert Gamez (U.S.) 72 69 74 77

293 Jonathan Fly (U.S.) 78 64 75 76

(Editing by Ed Osmond)

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Failed Muse #3 - Day Trading | Fitlish

I?ve always been interested in investing. ?It has incredible power to either create?ridiculous?sums of wealth in very short time or mercilessly destroy lives well as whole countries in a matter of minutes. ?This never ceased to amaze (or fear) me until now. ?And this is where I took a hard lesson in my third failed muse.

My Success as a Day Trader

Over the years I?ve read a few books on trading stocks. ?I?ve also invested money ever since I was younger. ?After getting my first job as a senior in high school I vowed to save $100 a month. ?I put this money into different mortgage funds. ?Probably one of the most novice investment one could make and frowned upon by experienced investors. ?However, that was probably the smartest investment decision I?ve ever made. ?

It wasn?t until I got older when I started trading stocks. ?I?have to admit though my day trading skills were sharpened in a somewhat dishonest way I?m not particularly proud of. ?Unfortunately, as a full time engineer I couldn?t day trade. ?Or could I? ?

Work was VERY VERY slow. ?Yet I never?seized?to provide value to the company. ?I was creating new processes, improving?efficiency?of the department I worked in, and setting new product quality standards. ?People were?ecstatic?to get my help on their projects and I was meeting as well as far exceeding every expectation and deadline set in front of me. ?Yet, things were very slow, and despite my best efforts I could not always keep busy.

That?s when it started. ?I would log into my account in the morning while checking my email and eating a quick muffin from the cafeteria. ?Then I?d look at the various?financial?markets and spot large cap I stocks followed which were lagging in the market. ?Then quickly buy them (it?s a little more complex but that?s the just of it).

Then I?d set a trailing stop loss and walk away from my desk. ?If the stock hadn?t tripped the stop loss?cashing?out on it?s own by the end of the day I would manually cash it out and take my earnings away. ?

This was consistently working. ?I?d made about a dozen trades and only came short on one. ?Keeping the news to myself was hard though. ?A handful of the individuals in the department started asking for and sharing trading advice with me. ?I became self?conscious?and felt bad about trading at work despite performance as an employee and stopped as a result.

Interestingly though one guy across from me was trading as I was. ?However, unlike myself he had setup a trading team with his father in law. ?My?colleague?would research stocks and sometimes place trades. ?Together he and his father in law were killing it bringing home the?bacon?and then some. ?It wasn?t long until he was on his own free from the corporate?environment.

Founding My First Joint Venture Company

It was some years later when I was laid off and worried about my mortgage. ?I?d never forgotten about that colleague and my day trading experiences though. ?My previous investing efforts had built up a nice?security?blanket for when I was laid off. ?Those day trades and a few others had raised tens of thousands of dollars in my trading accounts which had been untouched since. ?I wanted a successful business very badly and saw this as an opportunity to launch one quickly.

I assembled a team of?advisers who were much better traders than myself and had the capital to begin making good money day trading. ?I filed the paperwork for the Joint Venture and came up with the name Alabatros Equity. ?We set our goals higher than the ever. ?The idea was not only to pay off our houses but to continue raising money for a vintage fighter jet (I?ve dreamed of flying since being a little kid and so had my business partners). ?The first jet would be an L-39 Albatros / Russian Jet Fighter Trainer.

Our research showed we needed around $250,000 to buy the jet alone. ?Then around $1,000,000 each year to continue servicing it to fly. ?That seemed like an excellent goal because even if we failed to meet it we?d easily have paid our houses off (each of us had a mortgage) and would be home free with no ties to a job.

Building the Company

We wrote a business plan, filed our papers with the state and I got to work. ?The idea was to raise the money in the market to fund accounts from which they could also trade in.

They could either bring money forward themselves or use money I?d raised which would?determine?each partners equity split in the company. ?Dividends would be paid out as the accounts grew based on trading performance. ?I was the first to start trading as we didn?t have enough money to get started. ?I used methods to get higher and higher returns on my investments as I felt I?d found a risk free way to trade?

The money was rolling in hand over fist. ?I was making the most money I had in my life using the similar set it and forget it trading methods I had pioneered previously over breakfast at work. ?They required virtually no time to manage and capped my bottom end risk / losses (or did they?)?

There?s No Such Thing as a Free Lunch

It was looking like I had it all figured out. ?I had found the answer to consistent risk free money. ?I was filing the paperwork and setting up the accounts to bring partners online as well as working a part time engineering consulting gig for a large?corporation. ?We were also getting questions from people wanting to get in on the company launch despite we were doing our best to keep it quite.

I really getting excited and started thinking even bigger. ?The plan was to continue on to not only setup the main trading funds / accounts but also get our security licenses so we could take on outside money partners. ?This looked like a really promising venture and I felt?invincible. ?But then the unthinkable happened. ?

That stop loss wasn?t really protecting me like I thought it was. ?A trade busted through the bottom of the stop loss proving it really wasn?t protecting the bottom end and sold me out at a much lower price. ?So low in fact that I lost all the money I had raised as well as the money I had previously made in the market. ?Making ALL my trading for the past several years a complete wash.

Risk?Paralysis

This scared me to death. ?I sat back and realized that despite how well you manage things, running a business can be VERY risky and trading is probably one of the more if not most risky businesses to be in. ?I immediately put a halt to all my trading as I realized that if I took another hit like that I?d be living on the street.

At this point I was scared out of my whits but one thing I did realize was, no matter what you do things are going to go wrong. ?You have to continue trying in light of this. ?It?s actually a comforting thing to realize these things happen to all of us in our lives in different capacities. ?I?m starting to see the most successful individuals though have simply experienced more?situations like this and walked way with more invaluable lessons.

It took me a while to realize this and the hit had shook me up so hard that my next muse was a search for a zero risk venture. ?I?ll talk about this in the next article and why there?s no such thing. ?And to let you know this next muse hit me much, much,?harder than the hard knocks investment muse I launched.

One Last Thing

This lesson gave me a new found appreciation for holding a career and the business owners who created your job. ?You see, if you have a job the business owner is really doing a couple major services. ?

One he?s providing you a pay check as well as any benefits he offers you. ?In exchange you?re providing him with some value / work product that he realizes he can make a return on earning money off of you. ?I think many people stop here and just complain that they are worth so much more than they make.

However, what most people fail to realize including myself up until now is? ?The person who writes your paychecks, the business owner, is taking on all the risk of the business. ?He could after all loose every cent he has (and I?ve seen this happen on several?occasions) while you stand to only loose your job at worst.

So thank him for taking on the risk. ?He?s the one staying up all night wondering how he can meet your paycheck and if he will have to?sacrifice?everything he has to do so when things get hard.

PS? and don?t trade at work without express permission. ?It?s a dishonest / jerk thing to do and I?m not proud of it one bit.

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Twitter's New Logo Is Actually Sonic the Hedgehog [Twitter]

Batman? Twitter's new logo is not Batman—it is Sonic the Hedgehog! Gizmodo reader Ben Flores, a designer in San Francisco, sent us the graphic that now shows the obvious. Even the color matches! I wonder if Sega would sue. [Thanks Ben!] More »

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Conn. textile mill succumbs to pressures, closes

VERNON, Conn. (AP) ? A 76-year-old textile mill revived by a new owner eight years ago has failed to survive the weak economy and overseas competition and is set to close this summer.

Amerbelle Textiles in Vernon will shut down by August, leaving 70 employees jobless.

"I would have loved to have kept it going," said Doug Rimsky, the owner. "The workers really cared about their product. I kept hoping we could turn it around."

The loss of Amerbelle, which dyes, finishes and coats textiles used for space travel, canopies, flags, shoes and a range of other products, spells the end of the textile industry in the Rockville area where seven mills once operated, said Vernon Mayor George Apel.

"It's very, very sad," he said. "At this time in the economy, you don't want to see 68 people hurting for jobs. That's the saddest aspect of all."

Frenchie Pelletier, a machine maintenance worker who was leaving at the end of his shift Wednesday, said he's angry at the loss of the business and his job.

"All we've been hearing for the last five years is that they're losing profits," he said. "They're not losing money."

Pelletier, 73, said he came out of retirement seven years ago for a job at Amerbelle because he "couldn't stand being out of work." He said he's confident he will get another job, but worries about his co-workers. Unemployment in Connecticut was 7.7 percent in May.

"There are a lot of good workers in there losing their jobs," he said.

Chief Financial Officer Jon Moyer said Amerbelle could not compete with low wages overseas and the economy. He blamed the weak economy that has led to reduced customer orders, cheaper imports and environmental regulations that he said are necessary, but make U.S. companies less competitive than those in less developed countries.

Moyer, who came from the automotive industry to help revive Amerbelle, said he was brought in "to see if we can make one more final go of it."

"It was much more challenging than I thought," he said.

Rimsky, a third-generation textile business owner, bought the family-owned company in 2004 because his business, Lucerne Textiles in New York, was the largest customer of Amerbelle, he said.

"I said, 'Can I pay a higher price to keep you going?'" he recalled asking the owners at the time. "They said 'No, you can buy the company.'"

Rimsky said he spent $100,000, and secured $200,000 in federal money, to refurbish roofs, windows and other parts of the brick factory that stands on a winding downtown road in Vernon. Some buildings in the complex date to the 19th century.

He said he tried to take advantage of a niche market to make the mill succeed, processing products such as nuclear plant apparel, automotive gaskets, sail cloth, and life raft canopies. But long-run contracts that promote a more efficiently run business were needed, he said.

"I wasn't trying to make a lot of money. I was trying to break even," Rimsky said.

Christopher Clark, a history professor at the University of Connecticut, said the textile industry in New England dates to the 1790s and employed hundreds of thousands of workers. Along the Merrimack River in New Hampshire and Massachusetts alone, large mills employed tens of thousands of workers at the peak of the industry in the late 19th century.

As many as 1,530 mills operated in New England in the late 19th century, according to the Osborne Library of the American Textile History Museum in Lowell, Mass. That dwindled to 175 last year, according to Davison's Textile Blue Book at the library, as business operators sought cheaper labor, first in the South and then overseas.

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Q & A: What is the highest tax paid on unearned income? | Finance ...

Question by steve s : What is the highest tax paid on unearned income
What is the highest tax paid on unearned income? Lottery winnings are unearned income is Considered? Best answer:

Answer by Mr Nice Guy I duno bout
lottery winnings are not taxed but income.

Give your answer to this question below!

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I Lost 3 Smart Friends in the Dana - - SEO Services | Website ...

My heart is bleeding. How I wish I can be a baby once more, so I can easily cry whenever I feel the urge. I cried like a baby when I lost my kid sister sometime in December, so hearing the news that hundreds have perished in this air disaster made me feel the same way once again.

I had just returned from church, when I was told about the crash via BBM, at first I thought it was another prank being played by some blackberry addict. But I had to believe when I saw the first images of the ill-fated Dana Air flight 9J-997, a 22 year old, MD 83 airliner that crashed into residential buildings in Lagos.

I paused to say a word of prayer and asked God to comfort the bereaved families, because in matters like these words are almost inadequate. Not knowing that fate had already dealt a heavy blow directly to the families of 3 people I knew personally and indirectly to me ? one of the numerous friends they left behind.

A few hours later, I got to know that Chris Okocha, Tosin Anibaba and Charles Ntuko were killed in the crash. I screamed like an angry baby for as long as my strength could carry me, so much that my children ran towards my direction.

The question I have been asking myself is, who?s next?

Rest in Peace Guy!!!

I pray it?s not you but the truth is that it could have been anyone. I urge you to pause for a moment and find out what God expects from you. Make peace with your creator, while you still can.

We don?t know what the actual cause of the crash is but if we are to go by what we hear (and knowing Nigerian based Indians for who they are) then we can as well conclude that the major cause is no other than CORRUPTION.

Below are the 3 smart, committed and energetic Nigerians with great love and passion for entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship and like a candle in the wind?.. they are gone! I am too pained to write further, please read on, while I sob some more?..

Mr. Chris Okocha was a senior partner and co-founder of Thotline Consulting. A FATE alumnus, and invaluable volunteer of FATE Foundation for 8 years, he was awarded the FATE Outstanding Volunteer Award in 2011. During his time as a volunteer, Mr. Okocha contributed immensely to FATE Foundation.

A graduate of Business Administration from the University of Benin, Edo State, Mr. Okocha will always be remembered as a strong believer of business and entrepreneurial development for youths and advocate of the FATE?s mission. He is survived by his wife and daughter.

Mrs. Tosin Anibaba joined FATE Foundation in 2008 as Head of the Business & Alumni Support Services (BASS) unit. A dedicated staff, she played a major role in the development of the unit programmes that served the alumni.

Tosin earned a B.Sc in Economics from the University of Essex and an M.Sc in International Consulting & Accounting from the University of Reading. U.K. She is survived by her husband and daughter.

Mr. Charles Ntuko was the CEO of Hitwew Limited and a invaluable volunteer of FATE Foundation. An amiable and hardworking entrepreneur, he assisted Small and Growing Business owners start up their own businesses for many years. Among his accomplishments, he authored a business workbook, What?s in your Hands, a practical guide on how to start a business from the scratch.

Mr. Ntuko graduated from the University of Nigeria with a degree in Accounting. He is survived by his wife and children.

We will dearly miss Mrs. Anibaba, Mr. Ntuko, and Mr. Okocha.

Words fail me at this point?.. Rest in Peace guys!

If you this post, you may also like these:

1. 8 Ways to Get More Google Plus Friends
2. One Smart Time Management Tactic to Help Grow Your Small Business
3. Attend the FATE Foundation Emerging Entrepreneurs Programme
4. Enhance Your Site Traffic with Smart Use of Web Directories
5. Partial list of events attended
6. Tips I shared with Young Entrepreneurs at FATE Foundation
7. An Invitation to attend the FATE Foundation 11th Annual Celebration

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Thoughts on the relationship: A letter to Ben Jackson - Keith Jackson ...

MARTYN NAMORONG
THE NAMORONG REPORT

DEAR BEN - ARRIVING IN SYDNEY two weeks ago, I wondered if urban-isation was inevitable in PNG.

My major concern was how customary land tenure would be undermined by it.

This may of course be an idealistic position but it does raise concerns based on the experiences of the ?landless? urban villagers whose land was alienated under colonial administration.

Sydney was massive. I was drowning in the enormity of its scale and grandeur and somehow managed to keep my head above water.

Perhaps, I was energised by the Italian bread and filling you bought at Subway for my first fast food experience.

I guess in thinking about relationships between our two countries, our political elite have tended to forget the human faces of the friendship between our two nations.

They fail to realise that it isn?t just about kiaps and Kokoda but the present links that are built by ordinary people who are not necessarily driven by political ideology and geopolitical interest but by human values of kindness, friendship and empathy.

It is these values that drive groups like the Kokoda Foundation, whom I was privileged to have a meeting with.

They have perhaps done more good and any other organisation in the area of their interest.

It was therefore fitting that we would later meet the face of the Kokoda Foundation, 91 year old digger, Captain Bede Tongs, in Canberra.

I certainly would have had trouble surviving in the cold in Sydney had it not been for your warm gestures. It is when we begin to deal with everyone around us as an extension of us that we treat them right.

When nations see other people the way they see their own citizens, perhaps the world would be a better place for all.

In all of Papua New Guinea?s natural disasters, we have had no better friend to count on then Australia. This is perhaps the only time that Papua New Guinean lives are valued by the political elite of both our countries.

The rest of the story has pretty much been an exploitative one exemplified by the destruction of Papua New Guinean lives and livelihood by Australian mining interests.

I hope that as Papua New Guinea?s out of touch elite continue to squabble for power and control of national wealth, the people of PNG can count on the friendship of Australia to deal with these traitors.

As I?ve told you and many others, including Julie Bishop and Bob Carr?s advisor, the out-of-touch elite of PNG are exposed to Australia. Australia can exert pressure on these power hungry elite by imposing sanctions targeted at their physical and financial assets and those of their relatives and associates.

As I sit back here at the buai market in Port Moresby, I hope Australia will continue to be a good friend.

You certainly did not leave me out in the cold in Sydney. I hope Australians do not leave the people of PNG at the mercy of PNG?s out-of-touch elite.

It is important that Canberra understands this significant role it can play against the elite of Papua New Guinea who squander PNG?s wealth in Australia. The elections will not solve PNG?s political angst.

As my hero Che Guevarra once stated: ?Cruel leaders are replaced only to have new leaders turn cruel.?

Cheers wantok....

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Chalet Ski Holidays - The Best Family Resorts | My Traveling Diary

The basic picture contains ski holiday staying in a comfortable house in the mountains, snow-lined and calm down with a heat hearth after a day on the slopes, scorching chocolate in hand. Nonetheless, the relative luxurious mountain in the present day is really opposite to their origin. ?Chalet? The term truly derives from the Arpitan talking Switzerland and initially referred to ?Herder?s huts.?

With the appearance of Alpine business, chalets have been step by step transformed from a seasonal dairy farms homes that use the ski and climbing enthusiasts. Over the years, ?housing?, the term is transformed into a modern sense of the home of a basic ?inbuilt Alpine fashion holiday.? Chalets can now be discovered throughout Europe and ski resorts in North America.

Ski holidays are skiing chalets establishments
What higher technique to think about the proper ski journey to remain in a conventional picket constructing, with heavy and barely sloping roof lined with snow, with a large and nicely-supported gutter? Staying in a chalet with a group of buddies is the right option to escape for a fun vacation, activity-based. It is also nice for couples and singles all in favour of meeting like-minded skiers and anyone who wants a relaxed and casual atmosphere.

Excellent for families
Ski chalet is ideal for households, providing a protected household setting where children can play whereas parents relax. Catered chalet ski holidays offer a real ambiance of ?house-from-house ?without cleansing cooking or cleaning. Pleasant, comfortable and relaxed environment and a scrumptious selfmade cuisine washed down with a complimentary wine offers many would have chosen something else!

Austro-excellent instance
Austria is the ideal vacation spot to check their expertise and stay in the lovely backdrop of snow and conventional apartments. After each day trail rides you can take pleasure in authentic Austrian apr?s-ski in a vigorous vacation season and the normal Tyrolean mountain delicacies is scrumptious and famous cakes Konditorei. Austrian ski resorts provide great ski classes from beginner to skilled and obtain a number of the greatest household destinations.

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